Evaluación de la consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de la Escala de Capital Social Cognitivo en adultos colombianos

Introducción: durante las últimas dos décadas, el concepto de capital social se ha utilizado con creciente frecuencia en las ciencias de la salud debido a las relaciones directas e indirectas entre el capital social y la salud física y mental de las poblaciones. Por tanto, es necesario construir un instrumento para cuantificar este concepto con seguridad y confiabilidad. Objetivo: analizar la consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de una escala de siete ítems para medir el capital social en adultos de la población general de Colombia. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de validación en línea, que incluyó una muestra de 700 adultos de entre 18 y 76 años, el 68 % eran mujeres. Los participantes completaron una escala de siete ítems llamada Escala de Capital Social Cognitivo (ECSC). El alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald se calcularon para probar la consistencia interna. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios para explorar la dimensionalidad de la ECSC. Resultados: la ECSC presentó una consistencia interna baja (alfa de Cronbach de 0,56 y omega de McDonald de 0,59) y pobre dimensionalidad. Seguidamente, se probó una versión de cinco ítems (ECSC-5). La ECSC-5 mostró una alta consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach de 0,79 y omega de McDonald de 0,80) y una estructura unidimensional con indicadores de bondad de ajuste aceptables. Discusión: la ECSC-5 presenta alta consistencia interna y una estructura unidimensional para medir el capital cognitivo social en adultos colombianos. Se recomienda la ECSC-5 para la medición del capital social en la población general colombiana. Futuras investigaciones deben corroborar estos hallazgos en aplicaciones de lápiz y papel y explorar otros indicadores de confiabilidad y validez.

Introduction: During the last two decades, the concept of social capital has been used increasingly frequently in health sciences due to the direct and indirect relationships between social capital and populations' physical and mental health. Therefore, it is necessary to build an instrument to quantify this concept confidently and reliably. Objective: The study aimed to internal consistency and dimensionality of a seven-item scale to measure social capital in Colombia's general population of adults. Methods: An online validation study included a sample of 700 adults aged between 18 and 76 years; 68% were females. Participants completed a seven-item scale called the Cognitive Social Capital Scale (CSCS). Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were computed to test internal consistency. The authors explore the internal consistency and dimensionality of the CSCS. Results: The CSCS presented a low internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.56 and McDonald's omega of 0.59) and poor dimensionality. Then, the researchers tested a five-item version (CSCS-5). The CSCS-5 showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.79 and McDonald's omega of 0.80) and a one-dimension structure with acceptable goodness-of-fit indicators. Discussion: The CSCS-5 presents high internal consistency and a one-dimensional structure to measure cognitive capital social in the Colombian sample. Authors can recommend measuring social capital in the general Colombian population. Further research should corroborate this pencil and paper application findings and explore other reliability and validity indicators.

Extensión del empleo del criterio de expertos. Validez, consistencia y fiabilidad de los resultados científicos

El criterio (juicio o consulta) de expertos, en las últimas décadas, ha sido ampliamente utilizado en las investigaciones cualitativas, puede decirse que para muchos investigadores constituye la "regla de oro" para validar sus hallazgos. El propósito del artículo consistió en proponer un procedimiento para el procesamiento estadístico de los datos cuando se emplea una extensión del método convencional del criterio de expertos, para establecer la validez, consistencia y fiabilidad en los hallazgos científicos. El mismo fue aplicado en la toma de decisiones de una de las tres dimensiones de la variable de los componentes del ejercicio problémico interdisciplinario del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. En el proceso investigativo se utilizaron métodos empíricos como la revisión de documentos, la encuesta y el criterio de expertos. Los tests estadísticos aplicados arrojaron significación estadística (P < 0.05 hasta P < 0.001) entre las comparaciones y/o asociaciones realizadas. Los hallazgos encontrados demostraron, al aplicar el procedimiento, una aproximación hacia la validez, consistencia y fiabilidad de los resultados científicos.

O julgamento de especialistas (julgamento ou consulta) tem sido, nas últimas décadas, amplamente utilizado em pesquisas qualitativas, indiscutivelmente o "padrão ouro" para muitos pesquisadores validarem suas descobertas. O objetivo do artigo foi propor um procedimento para o processamento estatístico de dados ao usar uma extensão do método convencional de julgamento de especialistas para estabelecer validade, consistência e confiabilidade em descobertas científicas. Ele foi aplicado na tomada de decisão de uma das três dimensões dos componentes variáveis do exercício interdisciplinar de solução de problemas do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Métodos empíricos, como análise de documentos, pesquisa e julgamento de especialistas, foram usados no processo de pesquisa. Os testes estatísticos aplicados mostraram significância estatística (P < 0,05 a P < 0,001) entre as comparações e/ou associações feitas. Os resultados demonstraram, ao aplicar o procedimento, uma abordagem voltada para a validade, a consistência e a confiabilidade dos resultados científicos.

In recent decades, expert judgment has been widely used in qualitative research, and it can be said that for many researchers it constitutes the "golden rule" for validating their findings. The purpose of the article was to propose a procedure for the statistical processing of data when an extension of the conventional method of expert judgment is used to establish the validity, consistency and reliability of scientific findings. It was applied in the decision making of one of the three dimensions of the variable of the components of the interdisciplinary problem-solving exercise of the teaching-learning process. Empirical methods such as document review, survey and expert judgment were used in the research process. The statistical tests applied showed statistical significance (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) among the comparisons and/or associations made. The findings found demonstrated, when applying the procedure, an approach towards the validity, consistency and reliability of the scientific results.

Validación de cuestionarios para la medición de variables en salud: conceptos fundamentales / Validation of questionnaires for the measurement of health variables: Fundamental concepts

Dentro de la práctica clínica, así como en la salud poblacional, es habitual utilizar cuestionarios que permiten evaluar condiciones o variables que no son directamente observables. No obstante, la construcción y validación de estos instrumentos o cuestionarios suele ser poco conocida. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es sintetizar de manera general el proceso de construcción y validación de estos cuestionarios, para así tener una mejor comprensión de este proceso, de los aspectos que se evalúan y de la mejor forma de utilizarlos. La validación de cuestionarios corresponde a un proceso de análisis de este, cuya finalidad es medir una variable latente o constructo, así como sus dimensiones, las que no pueden ser observadas directamente. Una variable latente puede ser inferida a través de un conjunto de atributos específicos que forman parte de ella, como los ítems de un cuestionario y que sí son observables. En este artículo se abordan de manera teórica los conceptos fundamentales de validación de cuestionarios o test, variables latentes o constructos, estudio de la confiabilidad y de la validez, así como los factores que afectan a estas dos últimas características, a través de una revisión narrativa. En el texto, se presentan ejemplos sobre estos conceptos.

In clinical practice and population health, it is common to use questionnaires to assess conditions or variables that are not directly observable. However, the construction and validation of these instruments or questionnaires are often poorly understood. This narrative review aims to summarize in a general way the process of construction and validation of these questionnaires in order to have a better understanding of this process, the aspects that are evaluated, and the best way to use them. The validation of questionnaires corresponds to a process of analysis of the questionnaire, aiming to measure a latent variable and its dimensions, which cannot be observed directly. A latent variable can be inferred through a set of specific attributes that are part of it, such as the items of a questionnaire, which are observable. Through a narrative review, this article addresses the fundamental concepts of questionnaire or test validation, latent variables or constructs, reliability and validity studies, and the factors that theoretically affect the latter two characteristics. Examples of these concepts are presented in the text.

A contribuição da Ergonomia para a segurança no trabalho / Ergonomics contribution to occupational safety

Resumo Introdução: processos de alto risco com elevadas taxas de acidentes desafiam a segurança. Por outro lado, sistemas ultrasseguros conquistaram ótimos indicadores. Em ambos, a prevenção parece ter chegado a um limite - em um deles, porque parece impotente para gerar prevenção; no outro, porque foi tão bem-sucedida que parece impossível avançar. Objetivo: evidenciar a contribuição da Ergonomia em prol da segurança, nas situações descritas, suas possibilidades ainda por explorar, entre elas a Ergonomia de concepção na integração homem-máquina (sistemas informatizados). Método: análise comparativa dos achados oriundos de estudos ergonômicos em sistemas de produção com altas taxas de acidentes e sistemas ultrasseguros. Discussão: a análise da atividade dos motofretistas mostrou que existem alternativas de ação ainda não exploradas entre as relações de trabalho desfavoráveis e a percepção de inevitabilidade dos acidentes. Nos sistemas ultrasseguros, o aparente limite pode ser superado com os avanços recentes na análise da ação e cognição situadas e na construção de espaços de debate que permitam o retorno da experiência de campo. Em sistemas informatizados, as práticas de projeto colaborativo, que se valem da experiência dos trabalhadores para alimentar as dinâmicas de aprendizagem e a confiabilidade técnica, são possibilidades ainda pouco praticadas na Engenharia de Segurança.

Abstract Introduction: while high-risk processes with high accident rates challenge safety, High Reliability Organization (HRO) achieve excellent indicators. In both cases, prevention seems to have reached a limit. In the former, because it seems powerless to generate prevention; in the latter, because it has been so successful that it seems impossible to reach greater levels. Objective: to highlight the contribution of Ergonomics to safety in these situations, pointing out unexplored possibilities such as design Ergonomics in man-machine integration (computerized systems). Method: comparative analysis of findings from ergonomic studies on production systems with high accident rates and HRO. Discussion: analysis of the motorcycle freight drivers' activity revealed alternatives yet to be explored between unfavorable work relations and the perceived inevitability of accidents. The apparent limit of HRO can be overcome with recent advances in the analysis of situated action and cognition and by building debate spaces based on field experience. Collaborative design practices, which draw on worker experience to feed learning dynamics and technical reliability, remains a poorly explored possibility in Safety Engineering when it comes to computerized systems.

Reproducibility of an instrument for motor assessment of youth with autism / Reprodutibilidade de instrumento para avaliação motora de jovens com autismo

Abstract Introduction Individuals with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) have motor impairments that precede communi-cation and socialization disorders. Evaluative instruments compatible with the real possibilities and specificities of patients with ASD, and who quantitatively and qualitatively translate the data in which is wished to intervene with therapeutic actions, are important both in the scope of research and in the clinical evaluation of physiotherapists. Objective To test the interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility of the instrument "Gross Motor Assessment of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder" (GMA-AUT checklist). Methods The sample consisted of 34 individuals with ASD, aged between 6 and 18 years. The interobserver reproducibility was performed in a blinded manner by two physiotherapists experts in the ASD area of treatment. Intraobserver reproducibility was performed by one of the evaluators on two different days, with a gap of seven days and without access to data from the first evaluation. To verify the reproducibility, percentage of agreement and kappa statistics (k) were used, with the weighted kappa and, for the instrument scores, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results The GMA-AUT checklist showed excellent intraobserver agreement, with k ≥ 0.75 and ICC > 0.75. Interobserver reproducibility ranged from good to sufficient agreement with k between 0.40 and 0.75 and ICC > 0.75 for the most part. Conclusion The GMA-AUT checklist had excellent intraobserver reproducibility and, therefore, can be reliably used for assessments of individuals aged between 6 and 18 years with ASD.

Resumo Introdução Indivíduos com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) apresentam comprometimentos motores que precedem os distúrbios de comunicação e socialização. Instrumentos avaliativos compatíveis com as reais possibilidades e especi-ficidades dos pacientes com TEA, e que traduzam quantitativa e qualitativamente os dados nos quais se deseja intervir com ações terapêuticas, são importantes tanto no âmbito da pesquisa quanto na avaliação clínica do fisioterapeuta. Objetivo Testar a reprodutibilidade interobservador e intraobservador do instrumento "Avaliação Motora Grossa de Crianças e Adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista" (checklist GMA-AUT). Métodos A amostra foi composta por 34 indivíduos com TEA, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos. A repro-dutibilidade interobservador foi realizada de forma cega por dois fisioterapeutas especialistas na área de tratamento do TEA. A reprodutibilidade intraobservador foi realizada por um dos avaliadores em dois dias distintos, com intervalo de sete dias e sem acesso aos dados da primeira avaliação. Para verificar a reprodutibilidade foram utilizadas a porcentagem de concordância e a estatística kappa (k), com kappa ponderado e, para os escores do instrumento, coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). Resultados O checklist GMA-AUT apresentou excelente concordância intraobservador, com k ≥ 0,75 e ICC > 0,75. A reprodutibilidade interobservador variou de boa a suficiente concordância, com k entre 0,40 e 0,75 e ICC > 0,75 na maior parte. Conclusão O checklist GMA-AUT apresentou excelente reprodutibilidade intraobservador e, portanto, pode ser utilizado de forma confiável para avaliações de indivíduos com idade entre 6 e 18 anos com TEA.

Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V): revisión sistemática de los métodos utilizados para su adaptación y validación

Introducción: CAPE-V es ampliamente utilizado para evaluación perceptual vocal y ha sido adaptado y validado en múltiples idiomas. A través de un análisis exhaustivo, este estudio buscó avanzar en establecer un estándar en el método utilizado para su adaptación y validación. Objetivo: Revisar los artículos publicados entre 2002 y 2022 que han adaptado y validado CAPE-V a distintos idiomas, para evaluar exhaustivamente la adaptación, metodología y estadísticas utilizadas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática utilizando Scopus, Google Scholar y PubMed para identificar artículos que adaptaran y/o validaran CAPE-V entre 2002 y 2022. Se analizó el título y resumen para preseleccionar la muestra. Para evaluar el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos se analizó de forma crítica el texto completo. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial identificó 568 artículos. Al eliminar duplicados se revisaron 559 y 23 fueron preseleccionados. 12 se incluyeron finalmente y fueron analizados, considerando adaptación, metodología y análisis estadístico. Los resultados revelan que la adaptación y validación de CAPE-V a diversos idiomas es fundamental para garantizar mediciones precisas y confiables en diferentes poblaciones. Análisis y discusión: Existe heterogeneidad en la forma de realizar la adaptación y validación de CAPE-V. No obstante, todos los estudios tuvieron éxito en producir resultados válidos, subrayando la importancia de estos procesos para la práctica clínica. Conclusiones: Las adaptaciones y validaciones de CAPE-V se realizaron heterogéneamente por ausencia de un protocolo estándar. Es necesario generar orientaciones para realizar estos procesos por el aporte de esta escala a la clínica, asegurando calidad y confiabilidad de los resultados.

Introduction: CAPE-V is widely used for vocal perceptual evaluation and has been adapted and validated in multiple languages. Through an exhaustive analysis, this study sought to advance in establishing a standard in the method used in its adaptation and validation. Objective: To review articles published between 2002 and 2022 that have adapted and validated CAPE-V in different languages, to thoroughly evaluate the adaptation, methodology, and statistics used. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed to identify articles that adapted and/or validated CAPE-V between 2002 and 2022. The title and summary were analyzed to pre-select the sample. To evaluate the risk of bias of the included studies, the full text was critically analyzed. Results: The initial search identified 568 items. When duplicates were removed, 559 were reviewed and 23 were pre-selected. 12 were finally included and analyzed considering adaptation, methodology, and statistical analysis. The results show that the adaptation and validation of CAPE-V to different languages is essential to ensure accurate and reliable measurements in different populations. Analysis and discussion: There is heterogeneity in how CAPE-V is adapted and validated. However, all studies were successful in producing valid results, underlining the importance of these processes for clinical practice. Conclusions: Adaptations and validations of CAPE-V were performed heterogeneously due to the absence of a standard protocol. It is necessary to generate guidelines to perform these processes by providing this scale to the clinic, ensuring quality and reliability of results.

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): An update of the literature and instrumental study with schoolchildren

Introduction: Considering the current controversy regarding the factorial structure of the SDQ, this paper aimed to analyse the dimensionality and reliability of the parents' version for children from 4 to 16 years of age, and to present descriptive data according to sociodemographic variables. Method: The factor structure of the original five- and three-factor models, and the reliability of the SDQ were examined among a sample of 621 parents of Uruguayan children between 7 and 12 years of age (52% girls) from different socioeconomic levels. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses did not provide support for the five- and three-factor models. Data adjusted to three factors (prosociality, externalising symptoms, internalising symptoms) in an exploratory analysis with adequate reliability indices. Conclusions: The results of this study show the relevance of continued investigation of the SDQ internal structure, and further analysis of the behaviour of several of its items.

Introducción: Considerando la controversia vigente respecto a la estructura factorial del SDQ, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar la validez de constructo y fiabilidad de la versión para padres de niños de 4 a 16 años y presentar datos descriptivos según variables sociodemográficas. Método: Se examinó la estructura factorial de los modelos originales de cinco y tres factores y la fiabilidad del SDQ en una muestra de 621 padres de niños uruguayos entre 7 y 12 años (52 % niñas) de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Resultados: Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios no pudieron dar apoyo a los modelos de cinco y tres factores. Los datos se ajustaron a tres factores (prosocialidad, síntomas externalizantes y síntomas internalizantes) en un análisis exploratorio con adecuados índices de fiabilidad. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio muestran la pertinencia de continuar investigando la estructura interna del SDQ y analizar con mayor profundidad el comportamiento de algunos de sus ítems.

Cuestionario Honey-Alonso de estilos de aprendizaje (CHAEA). Propiedades psicométricas en estudiantes universitarios colombianos

Introducción: El objetivo de este artículo resultado de investigación es presentar los resultados del proceso de análisis psicométrico del Cuestionario Honey-Alonso de Estilos de Aprendizaje (CHAEA) en universitarios en Colombia. Método: La metodología está inserta en los estudios instrumentales, busca identificar las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento. La muestra fue de 2230 estudiantes en el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y de 661 para el Análisis Confirmatorio, ambas muestras no aleatorias. Se utilizaron los Modelos de Ecuaciones Estructurales (SEM) para la etapa confirmatoria. Resultado: El resultado fue un instrumento de 25 ítems, 4 factores, compuestos de reactivos organizados diferente al constructo original, más cercano al modelo de Kolb, propiedades psicométricas aceptables de acuerdo con los planteamientos teóricos utilizados, dirigida a valorar los estilos de aprendizaje confirmados y etiquetados -Investigador, Práctico, Experimentador y Activo- en el ámbito educativo. Conclusión: El proceso de validación realizado permite que el uso del instrumento sea considerado como válido y confiable para Estudiantes Universitarios del contexto educativo colombiano. De todas maneras, hay que tener en cuenta las condiciones de aplicación y siempre es importante realizar nuevos estudios en diferentes niveles educativos que puedan dar cuenta de información psicométrica más sólida.

Introduction: The objective of this research result article is to present the results of the psychometric analysis process of the Honey-Alonso Learning Styles Questionnaire (CHAEA) in university students in Colombia. Method: The methodology is inserted in instrumental studies; it seeks to identify the psychometric properties of an instrument. The sample consisted of 2.230 students in the Exploratory Factor Analysis and 661 for the Confirmatory Analysis, both non-random samples. Structural Equation Models (SEM) were used for the confirmatory stage. Result: The result was an instrument of 25 items, 4 factors, composed of reagents organized differently from the original construct, closer to the Kolb model, acceptable psychometric properties according to the theoretical approaches used, aimed at assessing confirmed and labeled learning styles -Investigator, Practitioner, Experimenter and Active- in the educational field. Conclusion: The validation process carried out allows the use of the instrument to be considered valid and reliable for University Students in the Colombian educational context. In any case, the application conditions must be taken into account, and it is always important to carry out new studies at different educational levels that can account for more solid psychometric information.

Confiabilidad Inter-evaluador en la Medición del Grosor Muscular y el Ángulo de Penación a través de la Evaluación Ecográfica: Estudio entre un Experto y un Kinesiólogo en Formación / Inter-Evaluator Reliability in Measurement of Muscle Thickness and Penance Angle through Ultrasound Evaluation: Comparison Study between an Expert and a Physical Therapist in Training

Existen diversas formas de evaluar el músculo esquelético. Una herramienta que ha ganado relevancia es la evaluación ecográfica. Esta, permite medir el grosor muscular (GM) y el ángulo de penación (AP). Por otra parte, en la formación inicial de los Kinesiólogos es importante realizar el ejercicio de la confiabilidad en la medición en relación al experto. un procedimiento diagnóstico. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es determinar la confiabilidad inter-evaluador en la medición del GM y el AP, a través de la evaluación ecográfica, entre un experto y un kinesiólogo en formación. La capacitación contó de tres fases; el ciclo teórico, el ciclo práctico y el proceso de confiabilidad. Para este último, se realizaron 10 pruebas para cada una de las mediciones GM 1, GM 2 y GM 3 y de AP. La confiabilidad inter-evaluador en la medición de GM es buena a excelente en los tres intentos GM1 (ICC=0,81; p=0,001), GM2 (ICC=0,86; p<0,001), GM3 (ICC=0,88;<0,001). Por su parte, la confiabilidad del AP fue pobre a regular (ICC=0,21; p=0,143. Las conclusiones de esta investigación indican que existe una excelente confiabilidad inter evaluador en la medición de GM. No así, en la medición de AP, por lo que se sugiere incrementar las horas prácticas en el proceso de aprendizaje de esta medida.

SUMMARY: Skeletal muscle can be assessed in a number of different ways. Consequently, ultrasound evaluation has become a relevant diagnostic tool. This procedure allows measuring muscle thickness (MT) and pennation angle (PA). Furthermore, during the initial training of physical therapists it is important in a diagnostic procedure, to exercise reliability in measurement in comparison to the expert. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the inter-rater reliability in the measurement of MT and PA, through ultrasound evaluation, between an expert and a physical therapist in training. This training was comprised of three phases: The theoretical cycle, the practical cycle and the reliability process. For the latter, ten different tests were performed for each of the MT 1, MT 2 and MT 3 and PA measurements. Inter-rater reliability in the MT measurement was good to excellent in the three attempts MT1 (ICC=0.81; p=0.001), MT2 (ICC=0.86; p<0.001), MT3 (ICC=0. 88;<0.001). On the other hand, reliability of the PA was poor to fair (ICC=0.21; p=0.143. In conclusion, this research indicates that there is excellent inter-rater reliability in the measurement of MT. This does not however apply to the measurement of PA. It is therefore suggested that practical hours during the learning process of this measure be increased.

Desenvolvimento e Evidências de Validade do Inventário de Avaliação dos Cinco Grandes Fatores e Facetas de Personalidade (IACGF-F) / Development and Validity Evidence of the Big Five Factors and Facets Personality Assessment Inventory (PAIBFF-F)

A personalidade é um construto central na pesquisa psicológica, podendo ser definida como uma estrutura relativamente estável do ser humano que influencia seus comportamentos diante de acontecimentos diários. Este estudo objetivou desenvolver e obter evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura interna do Inventário de Avaliação dos Cinco Grandes Fatores e Facetas de Personalidade (IACGF-F). A Teoria dos Cinco Grandes Fatores de Personalidade foi utilizada como referencial teórico para elaboração dos itens. Para o estudo piloto, 150 sujeitos responderam à versão do instrumento composta por 151 itens e questionário sociodemográfico. O estudo final contou com 285 sujeitos com média de idade de 22,6 anos que responderam à versão do IACGF-F com 129 itens, além do questionário sociodemográfico. Foi realizado um conjunto de sete análises fatoriais exploratórias, estimação da fidedignidade, bem como calibração dos parâmetros dos itens a partir da TRI. A versão final do instrumento ficou composta por 103 itens distribuídos em cinco fatores com variação de cinco a seis facetas por fator. Foram encontrados bons índices de fidedignidade (alfas entre 0,85 e 0,96), além de bons índices de dificuldade e discriminação. Sugere-se a utilização do IACGF-F em pesquisas nas quais a avaliação mais detalhada das facetas se faz necessária.

Personality is a central construct in psychological research and can be defined as a relatively stable structure of human beings that influences their behavior in the face of daily events. The purpose of this study wasd to develop and obtain validity evidence based on the internal structure of the Inventory for Assessment of the Big Five Personality Factors and Facets (PAIBFF-F). The Big Five Personality Factor Theory was used as the theoretical framework for item development. For the pilot study, 150 subjects answered the initial version of the instrument, which consisted of 151 items and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The final study included 285 subjects with a mean age of 22.6 years who answered a version of the PAIBFF-F with 129 items and sociodemographic questionnaire. Seven exploratory factor analyses, reliability estimation, as well as calibration of the item parameters from TRI were performed. The final version of the instrument was composed of 103 items distributed in five factors with a variation of five to six facets per factor. Good reliability indices were found (alphas between 0.85 and 0.96), in addition to good difficulty and discrimination indices. We suggest the use of the IACGF-P in research in which a more detailed evaluation of the facets is required.

How to determine the quality of a questionnaire according to the CONsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments? A simplified guide to the measurement properties of assessment instruments - Part II: validity, responsiveness, interpretability and a checklist for characterizing the quality of instruments / Como determinar a qualidade de um questionário de acordo com o COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments? Um guia simplificado sobre as propriedades de medida de instrumentos de avaliação - Parte II: validade, responsividade, interpretabilidade e checklist para caracterização da qualidade dos instrumentos

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The type of questionnaire that aims to capture a patient's perception/view of an aspect to be measured (e.g. pain intensity) is called Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM). One of the biggest challenges that clinicians and researchers often face is making a decision about which PROM to use for the assessment of their patient with pain, especially due to the lack of scientific literacy needed to understand the criteria and terms used in the field of measurement properties. Thus, the objectives of this study (part II) were: (I) to introduce basic concepts about PROMs with a focus on the terminology and criteria defined by the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) and (2) to describe the measurement properties of the validity, responsiveness and interpretability domains and propose a checklist for assessing the quality of PROMs' measurement properties. METHODS: This study was produced using a search for articles from the COSMIN initiative. For didactic purposes, the text was divided into two parts. RESULTS: This article included a description of the measurement properties of the validity (content, structural, construct), responsiveness (must be assessed through accuracy analyses, AUC≥0.70) and interpretability (which provides the minimum clinically important change) domains. In addition, a checklist was proposed for determining the quality of the measurement properties of assessment instruments. CONCLUSION: This study described the measurement properties within the validity and responsiveness domains, and the importance of interpretability for obtaining the minimum clinically important difference. The proposed checklist for evaluating these properties can help clinicians and researchers to determine the quality of an instrument and make a decision about the best option available.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O tipo de questionário que pretende captar a percepção/visão de um paciente sobre um aspecto a ser medido (ex: intensidade da dor) é chamado de Instrumento de Medida Baseado no Relato do Paciente (Patient Reported Outcome Measure - PROM). Um dos maiores desafios que clínicos e pesquisadores costumam enfrentar é quanto a tomada de decisão sobre qual PROM utilizar para a avaliação de seu paciente com dor, especialmente devido à falta do letramento científico necessário para entender os critérios e termos empregados na área de propriedades de medida. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo (parte II) foram: (I) introduzir conceitos básicos sobre PROMs com enfoque na terminologia e critérios definidos através do COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN), e (2) descrever as propriedades de medida dos domínios validade, responsividade e interpretabilidade e propor um checklist para avaliação da qualidade das propriedades de medida de PROMs. MÉTODOS: Utilizando uma busca voltada para os artigos da iniciativa COSMIN, foi elaborado o presente estudo de revisão, que foi dividido em duas partes para fins didáticos. RESULTADOS: O presente artigo compreendeu a descrição das propriedades de medida dos domínios de validade (conteúdo, estrutural, construto), responsividade (deve ser avaliada através de análises de acurácia, AUC≥0,70) e interpretabilidade (que fornece a mínima mudança clinicamente importante). Além disso, foi proposto um checklist para determinação da qualidade das propriedades de medida de instrumentos de avaliação. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo descreveu as propriedades de medida dentro dos domínios validade e responsividade, e a importância da interpretabilidade para a obtenção da mínima diferença clinicamente importante. O checklist proposto para avaliação dessas propriedades pode auxiliar clínicos e pesquisadores a determinarem a qualidade de um instrumento e tomar a decisão sobre a melhor opção disponível.

How to determine the quality of a questionnaire according to the CONsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments? A simplified guide to the measurement properties of assessment instruments - Part I: basic concepts and reliability / Como determinar a qualidade de um questionário de acordo com o CONsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments? Um guia simplificado sobre as propriedades de medida de instrumentos de avaliação - Parte I: conceitos básicos e confiabilidade

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The type of questionnaire that aims to capture a patient's perception/view of an aspect to be measured (e.g. pain intensity) is called Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM). One of the biggest challenges that clinicians and researchers often face is making a decision about which PROM to use for the assessment of their patient with pain, especially due to the lack of scientific literacy needed to understand the criteria and terms used in the field of measurement properties. Thus, the objectives of this narrative review (part I) were: (I) to introduce basic concepts about PROMs with a focus on the terminology and criteria defined through the COnsensus- based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN), and (2) to describe the measurement properties of the reliability domain. METHODS: This study was produced using a search for articles from the COSMIN initiative. As the subject is very extensive, the authors divided the text into two parts. RESULTS: This study described basic concepts about PROMs (purposes and constructs), the process of cross-cultural adaptation and the measurement properties of the reliability domain (reliability, error measure and internal consistency). In general, an instrument with adequate reliability quality should meet certain criteria, such as: intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.70, error measure < minimal clinically important change and Cronbach's Cronbach's α ≥ 0.70. CONCLUSION: The understanding on how to determine the quality of reliability can assist clinicians and researchers in choosing the best PROMs available. A checklist for assessing the quality of the measurement properties of PROMs is described in the part II of the manuscript.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O tipo de questionário que pretende captar a percepção/visão de um paciente sobre um aspecto a ser medido (ex: intensidade da dor) é chamado de Instrumento de Medida Baseado no Relato do Paciente (Patient Reported Outcome Measure - PROM). Um dos maiores desafios que clínicos e pesquisadores costumam enfrentar é quanto a tomar uma decisão sobre qual PROM utilizar para a avaliação de seu paciente com dor, especialmente devido à falta do letramento científico necessário para entender os critérios e termos empregados na área de propriedades de medida. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo (parte I) foram: (I) introduzir conceitos básicos sobre PROMs com enfoque na terminologia e critérios definidos através do COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN), e (2) descrever as propriedades de medida do domínio confiabilidade. MÉTODOS: Utilizando uma busca voltada para os artigos da iniciativa COSMIN, foi elaborado este estudo. Sendo o assunto muito extenso, os autores dividiram o texto em duas partes. RESULTADOS: O presente artigo descreveu conceitos básicos sobre PROMs (propósitos e construtos), o processo de adaptação transcultural e as propriedades de medida do domínio confiabilidade (confiabilidade, medida de erro e consistência interna). De forma geral, um instrumento com qualidade adequada de confiabilidade deveria atender a alguns critérios, tais como: coeficiente de correlação intraclasse ≥ 0,70, medida de erro < mínima mudança clinicamente importante e α de Cronbach ≥ 0,70. CONCLUSÃO: O entendimento sobre como determinar a qualidade da propriedade de medida de confiabilidade pode auxiliar os clínicos e pesquisadores na escolha dos melhores PROMs disponíveis. Um checklist para avaliação da qualidade das propriedades de medida de PROMs está descrita na parte II do artigo.

Recovery Experience Questionnaire: validity evidence of the Brazilian-Portuguese version / Questionário de Experiência de Restauro: evidências de validade da versão em português brasileiro

Abstract The aim is to present validity evidence of the Brazilian-Portuguese Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ-PB) by applying a procedure to decentering cross-cultural scales translation and adaptation. First, we had a phase with bilingual experts, which assessed different criteria of translation quality. In sequence, we conducted the replication of the original research to achieve validity indicators in the Brazilian context. We carried out both Confirmatory Factor Analysis (to find structural validity indicators) and correlations with various external variables (to find convergent validity indicators). Step 1 showed promising results of decentering translation. In step 2 participated 164 workers and the CFA confirmed the four-factor model: psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery experience, and control over leisure time. The convergent validity showed a significant correlation with external variables. The REQ-PB showed adequate psychometric properties and may explain and compare empirical evidence of the recovery topic. We concluded that we have a good quality scale to be used in future research and integrated with other constructs to support interventions.

Resumo O objetivo é apresentar evidências da validade do Questionário de Experiência de Restauro em português brasileiro (REQ-PB) por meio da aplicação de um procedimento de descentralização para tradução e adaptação de escalas transculturais. Inicialmente, tivemos uma fase com especialistas bilíngues que avaliaram a qualidade da tradução utilizando diferentes critérios. Na sequência, realizamos a replicação da pesquisa original para alcançar os indicadores de validade no contexto brasileiro. Efetuamos tanto a análise fatorial confirmatória (para encontrar indicadores de validade estrutural) quanto correlações com variáveis externas (para encontrar indicadores de validade convergentes). O passo 1 mostrou resultados promissores na tradução descentralizada. No passo 2, participaram 164 trabalhadores e a análise fatorial confirmatória confirmou o modelo de quatro fatores: distanciamento psicológico do trabalho, relaxamento, experiência de domínio e controle do tempo livre. A validade convergente mostrou uma correlação significativa com variáveis externas. O REQ-PB mostrou propriedades psicométricas adequadas capazes de explicar e comparar evidências empíricas do tópico de restauro. Em resumo, a escala pode ser utilizada em pesquisas futuras e integrada aoutros construtos para orientar intervenções.

La adaptación transcultural, confiabilidad y validez del instrumento actitudes y conocimientos de seguridad del paciente / The cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the instrument attitudes and knowledge of patient safety

Resumen Objetivo: La seguridad del paciente busca reducir los riesgos y ocurrencia de daño evitable, y que los errores sean menos probables en la población que recibe atención sanitaria. La formación de recursos humanos en salud es considerada como un elemento fundamental para generar cambios en la práctica sanitaria y contribuir a disminuir o limitar los errores, así como tener procesos más seguros. El objetivo de esta investigación es adaptar y validar el "Cuestionario para medir actitudes y conocimientos de seguridad del paciente" para su aplicación con estudiantes de enfermería y medicina de una Universidad Pública de Medicina y Enfermería del Caribe Mexicano. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional, con aplicación de encuesta anónima y voluntaria. La muestra incluyó a 220 estudiantes (120 mujeres y 100 hombres) con una edad promedio de 24 años (DE=2) matriculados en una Universidad Pública de medicina y enfermería del Caribe Mexicano. 46% se encontraban realizando Internado de pregrado y 54% en prácticas de Servicio Social. El instrumento presentó 1 ficha de identificación y 21 reactivos tipo Likert. Resultados: A través del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) se fijó a cinco factores con el método de Máxima Verosimilitud y rotación Varimax sobre los 21 reactivos del cuestionario de seguridad del paciente para estudiantes mexicanos, resultando una escala de cinco factores que explican el 63.59% de la varianza total y un índice de consistencia interna de la escala total aceptable (α=.87). Conclusiones: El cuestionario para medir actitudes y conocimientos sobre seguridad del paciente adaptado en los estudiantes de medicina y enfermería es válido, confiable y útil para medir las acciones de seguridad del paciente para la prevención del error en la atención sanitaria.

Abstract Objective: Patient safety seeks to reduce the risk and occurrence of avoidable harm, and to make errors less common in the population that receive health care. The training of human resources in health is considered a fundamental element to generate changes in health practices and contribute to reducing errors, furthermore safer processes. The objective of the present study is adapt and validate the "Questionnaire to measure attitudes and knowledge of patient safety" for its application with nursing and medical students of Public University of Medicine and Nursing in the Mexican Caribbean. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, observational study, with the application of an anonymous and voluntary survey. The sample included 220 students (120 women and 100 men) with an average age of 24 years (SD=2) a Public University of Medicine and Nursing in the Mexican Caribbean. The 46% were undergraduate internship and 54% in Social Service practices. The instrument presented one identification card and 21 Likert-type items. Results: Through the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), five factors were set with the Maximum Likelihood method and Varimax rotation on the 21 items of the patient safety questionnaire for Mexican students, resulting five factors that explain 63.59% of the total variance and an internal consistency index of the acceptable total scale (α=.87). Conclusions: The questionnaire to measure attitudes and knowledge about patient safety translated and adapted to medical and nursing students is valid, reliable and useful to measure patient safety actions for the prevention of errors in health care.

Metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de los mitos de violación / Meta-analysis of reliability generalization of the rape myths

Resumen Los mitos de violación son actitudes y creencias generalmente falsas, amplias y persistentes, acerca de la violación, la víctima y el agresor, que son utilizadas para negar o justificar la agresión sexual hacia las mujeres. En las últimas dos décadas, los instrumentos más utilizados para medir este constructo corresponden a la escala de aceptación de mitos de violación de Illinois (IRMAS), que utiliza expresiones directas y explícitas mediante un lenguaje clásico, y la escala de aceptación de mitos modernos de agresión sexual (AMMSA) que usa un lenguaje sutil, indirecto y moderno. Se realizó un metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de 69 estudios empíricos que utilizaron alguna de las dos escalas de mitos de violación. El objetivo fue estimar la fiabilidad media de las puntuaciones combinadas de las escalas IRMAS y AMMSA para obtener un valor aproximado de su fiabilidad general y evaluar el posible efecto moderador de algunas variables de interés. El promedio de la fiabilidad por consistencia interna de las puntuaciones de las escalas para las 98 muestras estudiadas fue de .85, IC95 % [.84, .86]. Se observó una alta heterogeneidad (I. = 96 %), y el número de ítems es la única variable moderadora que explica significativamente la variabilidad de la fiabilidad observada. Estos resultados muestran que ambas escalas presentan índices de consistencia interna aceptables en sus diversas aplicaciones. Por lo tanto, las medidas de aceptación de mitos de violación cumplen con los criterios de fiabilidad adecuados para ser utilizadas en investigaciones empíricas en distintos contextos.

Abstract Rape myths are widespread and persistent attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes, usually false, about rape, the victim, and the perpetrator. Their function is to deny and justify sexual assaults against women, affecting the victim's attributions of responsibility and the perpetrator's attributions of guilt in rape cases. These myths exert a bias in the processing of information, directing attention and perception toward stimuli that justify the victim's responsibility for sexual aggression. These beliefs can be grouped into several types of myths: Myths that hold the victim responsible by arguing that women should be careful and not expose themselves to avoid sexual aggression, myths that justify and reduce the responsibility of the aggressor by stating that the man could not contain his sexual desire and those myths that deny or normalize sexual aggression, which propose that rape occurs only in very specific contexts. In the last two decades, the instruments most commonly used to measure these beliefs are The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS), which uses direct and explicit expressions through classic language, and the Modern Sexual Assault Myth Acceptance Scale (AMMSA), where its expressions are modern, subtle and indirect. Considering the wide use of these instruments, it is justified to provide empirical evidence showing information on the psychometric properties of these scales. One of the procedures for synthesizing empirical results is meta-analyses (MA). This methodology can synthesize studies of specific variables and analyze the psychometric properties of the measurement instruments, providing relevant information on the quality of a given scale. Within this last type of RM are reliability generalizations (RG), those that study the reliability coefficients obtained in different applications of a scale, providing evidence on the properties of the measures used in measuring a construct. A meta-analysis of the RGs of 69 empirical studies that used any of the rape myth scales was performed. The objective was to estimate the mean reliability of the combined scores of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales to obtain an approximate value of their overall reliability and to assess the possible moderating effect of some variables of interest (e.g., research design, culture, sample type, etc.). The mean internal consistency reliability of the scale scores for the 98 samples studied was .85, 95 % C.I. [.84, .86] and the mean coefficient for each of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales was .84 and .85 respectively. All these values are above .80, a value established as satisfactory reliability of the instrument for general research. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients reported by the studies ranged from .71 to .98, with values considered moderate to excellent. These results show that both scales present acceptable internal consistency indices in various applications. There is high heterogeneity (I. = 96 %), with the number of items being the only moderating variable significantly explaining the observed reliability variability. This result was to be expected, given that the effect of test length on the estimation of reliability indices has a long tradition and is widely known in the psychometric literature.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autoeficacia para el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios / Psychometric properties of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Academic Performance in university students

Resumen La Teoría Social Cognitiva reconoce a la autoeficacia en el marco de las creencias personales que permiten a las personas ejercer cierto control sobre su comportamiento, y es de particular relevancia en relación con la vida universitaria y el rendimiento académico. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión abreviada de la Escala de Autoeficacia para el Rendimiento Académico en universitarios adaptada por Krumm y Lemos (2012). El estudio que se presenta fue de índole instrumental, con un diseño transversal, no experimental y se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico incidental. Participaron 1044 estudiantes universitarios residentes todos en Formosa capital al momento del estudio. La edad media de los participantes fue de 26 años (DE = 7.125), de los cuales un 24.9 % de hombres (n = 260) y un 75.1 % de mujeres (n = 784). Según la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales, se efectuó el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) sobre la versión original de la escala (Modelo 1), y se realizaron dos reespecificaciones que generaron dos modelos: el Modelo 2 definido como una escala unidimensional con 24 ítems y el Modelo 3 o versión breve, definido a partir de una escala unidimensional con nueve ítems. La solución final obtuvo índices de ajuste óptimos (RMSEA = .019; TL I = .999; CFI = .998 y GFI = .997) y confirma que la propuesta de una versión breve de la Escala de Autoeficacia para el Rendimiento Académico presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y posibilita la evaluación de la autoeficacia académica en estudiantes universitarios de manera práctica, por lo que resulta particularmente útil en contextos de investigación.

Abstract The Social Cognitive Theory recognizes Self-efficacy within the framework of personal beliefs that allow people to exercise some control over their behavior, being of particular relevance in relation to university life and Academic Performance. University life poses not only cognitive challenges but also emotional and social challenges that involve the development and mobilization of personal resources to adapt to the demands of higher education. Self-efficacy linked to Academic Performance in this context can be a factor that favors learning in the case of perceived adequately capable, or it can be a factor that contributes to shelling or abandonment in the case of not being adequately experienced. Given its importance, the conceptualization of the concept of Self-efficacy has made possible the design of various scales that allow evaluating this construct, some oriented to the evaluation of General Self-efficacy and others to Self-efficacy in relation to specific aspects. However, given the complexity of the concept and the factors that influence its configuration, it is considered necessary to research and develop specific instruments related to the transit through university life with all the demands that it entails and that allow a deeper understanding of this particular training stage. The present work aimed to study the psychometric properties of the abbreviated version of the Self-efficacy Scale for Academic Performance in university students adapted by Krumm and Lemos (2012). The study presented was instrumental in nature, with a cross-sectional, non-experimental design, an incidental non-probabilistic sampling was used. 1044 university students, all residing in Formosa Capital at the time of the study, participated. The mean age of the participants was 26 years (SD = 7.125), being 24.9% men (n = 260) and 75.1 % women (n = 784). The original Scale consisted of 24 items and three subscales: (1) coping with negative physical and emotional states; (2) social relationships; and (3) coping with positive emotions. The following reliability indices were reported for each subscale: Cronbach's Alpha of .59, .69 and .55 respectively. Considering the technique of structural equations, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out on the original version of the Scale (Model 1), carrying out two re-specifications, which generated two models, Model 2 defined as a one-dimensional Scale with 24 items and Model 3 or short version, defined from a one-dimensional scale with 9 items. The results obtained show that the three dimensions proposed in the original scale did not emerge as such, since the items that made it up presented differences in grouping by factor. The final solution or short version obtained optimal fit indices (RMSEA = .019; TL I = .999; CFI = .998 and GFI = .997). Regarding reliability, the Omega coefficient showed a high internal consistency of the scale both for the original test and for the abbreviated version, indicating that, despite having reduced the number of items on the scale, it retains adequate reliability. From the results obtained, it is confirmed that the proposal of a short version of the Self-efficacy Scale for Academic Performance presents adequate psychometric properties and enables the evaluation of academic self-efficacy in university students in a practical way, which is why it is particularly useful in research contexts.

Impact of learning effect on reliability factors and global indices in visual field testing by standard automated perimetry in normal healthy subjects and primary open-angle glaucoma patients to obtain an accurate baseline perimetry chart

Purpose: To record and evaluate the reliability parameters (fixation loss (FL) %, false positive (FP) %) and global indices (mean sensitivity (MS), mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation in dB) in three visual field test sessions within two weeks to assess the learning effect in normal healthy subjects and POAG patients and comparison of learning effect gender wise and age wise in primary open?angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. Methods: This study was a prospective observational study. An oculus visual field testing was done and analyzed in 30 eyes of POAG patients and 30 eyes of normal healthy subjects in three visits. Results: There were 16 (53.3%) males and 14 (46.6%) females in the POAG group and 16 (53.33%) males and 14 (46.66%) females in the normal healthy subject group. A significant difference in data change between each visit in FL, FP, MD, MS was found though the difference was more pronounced in the second visit than in the third visit. The pattern standard deviation does not change significantly in subsequent visits in both groups. Gender wise and age wise no significant difference was found in the POAG group. Conclusion: Significant improvement in reliability parameters and global indices with each subsequent visit in both the POAG group and normal patients signifies the importance of learning effect on these parameters and the need to perform at least three tests to get the baseline perimetry chart, especially in POAG patients, while in normal subjects, second perimetric result can be accepted. It was also concluded that the learning effect is not influenced by age and gender.

Escala de Percepção de Risco sobre Covid-19/Isolamento Social: Propriedades Psicométricas / Escala de Percepción de Riesgo sobre Covid-19 y Aislamiento Social: Propiedades Psicométricas / Psychometric Properties of Risk Perception Scale about Covid-19 and Social Isolation (RPSCI)

Risk perception is a concept related to the decision-making process and allows people to perceive the hazards surrounding the context and choose the best preventive methods to avoid them. The COVID-19 pandemic was a remarkable era in which people had to adopt protective methods, such as social isolation, to reduce the possibility of being contaminated by the virus. This study covers the development, psychometric properties, and norms of a scale to assess Risk Perception regarding COVID-19 and Social Isolation. The analysis suggested good expert agreement regarding the adequacy of the scale content and items and factor analysis suggested two factors, called the emotional and cognitive domains. The composite reliability suggested the internal consistency of the scale and its factors. All the results of this study suggest that this scale presents evidence of construct validity, constituting a reliable instrument. This new instrument may be used to evaluate risk perception related to COVID-19 and Social Isolation.

La percepción del riesgo es un concepto relacionado con el proceso de toma de decisiones y permite a las personas percibir los peligros en el contexto y elegir los mejores métodos de prevención para evitarlos. La pandemia de COVID-19 es una era notable en la que las personas deben adoptar métodos, como el aislamiento social, para reducir la posibilidad de ser contaminados por el virus. Este estudio proporciona el desarrollo, las propiedades psicométricas y las normas de una escala para evaluar Percepción de Riesgo sobre el COVID-19 y el Aislamiento Social. El análisis sugirió un buen acuerdo de expertos sobre el ajuste del contenido y la escala de ítems y el análisis factorial apuntó dos factores denominados dominios emocional y cognitivo. La confiabilidad compuesta sugirió consistencia interna de la escala y sus factores. Todos los resultados de este estudio proponen que esta escala presenta evidencia de validez de constructo y es un instrumento confiable. Este nuevo instrumento podrá ser utilizado para evaluar la percepción de riesgo sobre el COVID-19 y el aislamiento social.

A percepção de risco é um conceito relacionado ao processo de tomada de decisão e permite que as pessoas percebam os perigos em torno do contexto e escolham os melhores métodos de prevenção para evitá-los. A pandemia do COVID-19 é uma era marcante em que as pessoas devem adotar métodos de proteção, como o isolamento social, para reduzir a possibilidade de serem contaminados pelo vírus. Este estudo fornece o desenvolvimento, as propriedades psicométricas e normas de uma escala para avaliar Percepção de Risco sobre COVID-19 e Isolamento Social. A análise sugeriu boa concordância dos especialistas sobre o ajuste de conteúdo e itens da escala, e a análise fatorial sugeriu dois fatores denominados domínios emocionais e cognitivos. A confiabilidade composta sugeriu a consistência interna da escala e seus fatores. Todos os resultados deste estudo sugerem que esta escala apresenta evidências de validade de construto, sendo um instrumento confiável. Este novo instrumento poderá ser utilizado para avaliar a percepção de risco sobre a COVID-19 e o Isolamento Social.

Regulación cognitiva de las emociones durante un estado de emergencia sanitaria: análisis estructural del CERQ

Las experiencias emocionales se ven influenciadas, tanto por el contexto como por las interpretaciones individuales; es decir, los cambios repentinos en el estilo de vida causados por circunstancias aversivas impactan en la estabilidad emocional de las personas, pudiéndose manifestar malestar o problemas psicológicos. En este sentido, debido al impacto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en la salud mental es necesario explorar estrategias que regulen emociones, mediante instrumentos confiables y apropiados a la población y su contexto. El objetivo es analizar evidencias de validez de dos versiones del Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnarie (CERQ), de 36 y 18 ítems, durante la primera ola de la pandemia. Fueron evaluados 401 jóvenes y adultos peruanos (75.1% mujeres), con edad promedio de 30.1 años (DEedad = 11.8). El método de análisis factorial confirmatorio demostró mejores índices de ajuste con el CERQ-18 que con el CERQ-36, así como adecuados coeficientes de fiabilidad a un contexto específico de pandemia; sin embargo, hubo una elevada correlación entre los factores Rumiación - Catastrofización y Reinterpretación positiva - Focalización en los planes. En conclusión, el CERQ-18 presenta adecuadas evidencias de validez y fiabilidad. Se discuten las implicancias teóricas y prácticas de los resultados.

Emotional experiences are influenced by context and individual's interpretations, that is, sudden changes in lifestyle caused by aversive circumstances impact people's emotional stability and may manifest distress or psychological problems. In this sense, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, it is necessary to explore emotional regulation strategies through reliable and appropriate instruments for the population. The objective is to analyze validity evidence of two versions of the Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), with 36 and 18 items, during the first wave of the pandemic. 401 Peruvian youths and adults (75.1% women) were evaluated; the mean age was 30.1 years (SD age = 11.8). The confirmatory factor analysis method showed better fit índices with the CERQ-18 than the CERQ-36, as well as adequate reliability coefficients for a specific context; however, high correlation between factors Rumination - Catastrophizing and Positive reinterpretation - Focusing on plans was obtained. Therefore, the CERQ-18 presents adequate evidence of validity and reliability. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

As experiências emocionais são influenciadas, tanto pelo contexto quanto pelas interpretações individuais; ou seja, mudanças repentinas no estilo de vida causadas por circunstâncias aversivas impactam a estabilidade emocional das pessoas, manifestando-se desconforto ou problemas psicológicos. Nesse sentido, devido ao impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na saúde mental, é necessário explorar estratégias que regulem as emoções, por meio de instrumentos confiáveis ​​e adequados à população e seu contexto. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as evidências de validade de duas versões do Questionário de Regulação Emocional Cognitiva (CERQ), com 36 e 18 itens, durante a primeira onda da pandemia. Foram avaliados 401 jovens e adultos peruanos (75,1% mulheres), com média de idade de 30,1 anos (DP idade = 11,8). O método de análise fatorial confirmatória apresentou melhores índices de ajuste com o CERQ-18 do que com o CERQ-36, bem como coeficientes de confiabilidade adequados para um contexto específico de pandemia; porém, houve alta correlação entre os fatores Ruminação - Catastrofização e Reinterpretação Positiva - Foco nos planos. Em conclusão, o CERQ-18 apresenta evidências adequadas de validade e confiabilidade. As implicações teóricas e práticas dos resultados são discutidas.

Análisis de confiabilidad y de constructo del instrumento FANTASTIC MEX-A para medir el estilo de vida de adultos mexicanos. Estudio piloto bicéntrico en un cuartel general y una universidad privada / Reliability and construction analysis of the FANTASTIC MEX-A instrument to measure the lifestyle of mexican adults. Bicentric pilot study in a headquarters and a private university

Resumen Objetivo: Realizar un análisis de confiabilidad y de constructo del instrumento FANTASTIC MEX-A a través de alfa de Cronbach (α) y análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) en dos instituciones mexicanas localizadas en el estado de Guerrero: un cuartel general y una universidad privada, como un estudio piloto para determinar la factibilidad de realizarse a gran escala en adultos mexicanos. Diseño: Cuantitativo, transversal, no experimental, descriptivo. Muestreo aleatorio simple. Recolección de datos desde febrero del 2021 a noviembre del 2022. Variables: Nivel de estilo de vida (dependiente); ocupación, género, escolaridad, estado civil, tipo de familia, edad e índice de masa corporal (atributivas). Resultados: N=493, n=242, participación del 49% (NC=95%, IC=4.5%), la muestra se constituyó por 204 militares y 38 docentes-administrativos universitarios. Alfa de Cronbach=0.869 (buena), por el método de dos mitades se obtuvo para ítems nones α=0.76 y para ítems pares α=0.762, correlación rho entre mitades de 0.903 (correlación fuerte). Media de puntaje obtenido de 134.8±17.7 puntos, equivalente al 72.5%. Resultaron nueve factores con asociación teórica, que explican el 42.64% de la varianza acumulada en el AFE, 1: La protección de la salud mental e integridad física, 2: El distrés, 3: Las relaciones interpersonales afectivas, 4: El consumo de alcohol y sustancias de abuso, 5: La actividad física y la asociatividad, 6: El consumo de tabaco, 7: El sueño y la alimentación, 8: El control de salud y 9: La apariencia física. Conclusiones: A través del estadístico de Alfa de Cronbach por método de dos mitades se concluyó que el instrumento FANTASTIC MEX-A es consistente para la muestra estudiada. El AFE determinó validez de constructo para nueve factores con asociación teórica. Limitaciones: El estudio se realizó en el estado de Guerrero, México, la validación del instrumento en adultos mexicanos requiere una muestra representativa que considere sujetos de diversas regiones del país. Originalidad: No existen publicaciones que homologuen las versiones disponibles del instrumento en español. Se aporta una versión única que implicó la revisión y reconstrucción de cada ítem con ilustraciones de apoyo.

Abstract Objective: To carry out a reliability and construct analysis of the FANTASTIC MEX-A instrument through Cronbach's alpha (α) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in two Mexican institutions located in the state of Guerrero: a general headquarters and a private university, such as a pilot study to determine the feasibility of performing it on a large scale in Mexican adults. Design: Quantitative, cross-sectional, non-experimental, descriptive. Simple random sampling. Data collection from February 2021 to November 2022. Variables: Lifestyle level (dependent); occupation, gender, education, marital status, type of family, age and body mass index (attributive). Results: N=493, n=242, 49% participation (NC=95%, CI=4.5%), the sample consisted of 204 military personnel and 38 university teachers/administrators. Cronbach's alpha=0.869 (good), using the two-half method, α=0.76 was obtained for odd items and α=0.762 for even items, rho correlation between halves of 0.903 (strong correlation). Mean score obtained of 134.8 ± 17.7 points, equivalent to 72.5%. Nine factors with theoretical association were found, that explain 42.64% of the accumulated variance in the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), 1: The protection of mental health and physical integrity, 2: Distress, 3: Affective interpersonal relationships, 4: The consumption of alcohol and substances of abuse, 5: Physical activity and associativity, 6: Tobacco consumption, 7: Sleep and diet, 8: Health control and 9: Physical appearance. Conclusions: Through the Cronbach's Alpha statistic by the two-half method, it was concluded that the FANTASTIC MEX-A instrument is consistent for the sample studied. The AFE determined construct validity for nine factors with theoretical association. Limitations: The study was conducted in the state of Guerrero, México, the validation of the instrument in Mexican adults requires a representative sample that considers subjects from various regions of the country. Originality: There are no publications that standardize the available versions of the instrument in Spanish. A unique version is provided that involved the revision and reconstruction of each item with supporting illustrations.